Skin melanoma: an analytical literature review and clinical cases
Melanoma, a malignant melanocytic tumor, remains one of the most aggressive forms of malignant skin tumors and is a significant public health problem. Despite progress in early diagnosis and treatment, melanoma continues to be the leading cause of death from skin cancer. The development of skin melanoma (SM) is a multistage process involving a complex relationship between genetic mutations, signaling pathways, and the tumor microenvironment. The main risk factors for SM remain unchanged, including ultraviolet radiation, genetic predisposition, phenotype, immunosuppression, and patient age. Advances in molecular biology have identified key signaling pathways involved in the development of SM. Mutations in the BRAF, NRAS, KIT, and NF1 genes are the most common. Melanoma is characterized by a complex interaction with the immune system. The cellular immune response, which involves cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), is important for tumor control, but melanoma is able to suppress this response. SM is a complex and heterogeneous disease. In recent years, significant progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms and developing new treatments. However, further research to improve treatment outcomes and prevent this disease is required. Early diagnosis is critical for a favorable prognosis. The authors present clinical cases of melanocytic skin cancer from personal practice.Khryanin A.A., Nadeev A.P., Sokolovskaya A.V., Vorobyova N.E., Chernikova E.V.
Keywords
skin melanoma
risk factors
clinical manifestations
treatment
prevention
About the Authors
Aleksey A. Khryanin, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor of the Department of Dermatovenereology and Cosmetology, Novosibirsk State Medical University; President of the RPO «Association of Obstetricians-Gynecologists and Dermatovenerologists», Novosibirsk, Russia; khryanin@mail.ru, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9248-8303 (corresponding author)Aleksandr P. Nadeev, Dr.Sci. (Med.), Head of the Department of Pathological Anatomy, Novosibirsk State Medical University, Novosibirsk, Russia; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0400-1011
Asya V. Sokolovskaya, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Department of Dermatovenereology and Cosmetology, Novosibirsk State Medical University, Novosibirsk, Russia; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3131-7874
Nadezhda E. Vorobyova, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Dermatovenereologist, Medical Center «Microbiomed», St. Petersburg, Russia; ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7811-5049
Evgeniya V. Chernikova, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Department of Dermatovenereology and Cosmetology, Novosibirsk State Medical University, Novosibirsk, Russia; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9297-6064
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