Clinical and immunological profiles of atopic dermatitis. Literature review

Orlova E.A., Kandrashkina Yu.A., Averkin N.S., Grebennikova I.P.

1) Penza Institute for Advanced Medical Training – Branch of the Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Penza, Russia; 2) Penza State University, Penza, Russia; 3) Saratov State Medical University named after V.I. Razumovsky, Saratov, Russia

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. Its prevalence has increased significantly over the past decade. According to global data, AD currently affects approximately 20% of children and 2–5% of adults. The clinical presentation, pathogenesis, and morphology of AD vary depending on age. These features are taken into account when identifying AD phenotypes, which represent a set of individual characteristics resulting from the interaction of genetic, immunological, and environmental factors. It is worth noting that there is currently no unified system for defining AD phenotypes. Patients with AD are known to exhibit various skin manifestations, some of which are called stigmata and are characteristic features of AD. However, several other AD phenotypes characterized by atypical manifestations have been described in the literature, such as nummular eczema, nodular prurigo, lichenified dermatitis, and follicular/papular dermatitis. Relatively recently, new conditions associated with AD have been identified: lichen amyloidosis, vitiligo, chondrodermatitis of the auricle, and angiohistiocytoid papules. This review presents various variants of atopic dermatitis (AD), including their clinical and immunological features.

For citations: Orlova E.A., Kandrashkina Yu.A., Averkin N.S., Grebennikova I.P. Clinical and immunological profiles of atopic dermatitis. Literature review. Pharmateca. 2026;33(5):49-55. (In Russ.). DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18565/pharmateca.2026.5.49-55

Authors’ contribution: E.A. Orlova – article concept, editing, and final approval. Yu.A. Kandrashkina – writing, literature review, and editing. N.S. Averkin – material analysis, literature review. I.P. Grebennikova – material analysis, and editing.
Conflicts of interest: The authors confirm that they have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Funding: The study was conducted without any sponsorship.

Keywords

About the Authors

E.A. Orlova, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Allergology and Immunology with a Course in Dermatovenereology and Cosmetology, Penza Institute for Advanced Medical Training – Branch of the Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education; Professor, Department of General and Clinical Pharmacology, Penza State University, Penza, Russia; lisaorl@yandex.ru, ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3902-2018
Yulia A. Kandrashkina, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Department of Allergology and Immunology with a Course in Dermatovenereology and Cosmetology, Penza Institute for Advanced Medical Training – Branch of the Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education; Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Penza State University, Penza, Russia; novikova10l@mail.ru, ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5537-5729 (corresponding author)
N.S. Averkin, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Department of Morphology, Penza State University, Penza, Russia; averkin.n@list.ru, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8129-9400
I.P. Grebennikova, Teaching Assistant Professor, Department of Dermatovenereology and Cosmetology, Saratov State Medical University named after V.I. Razumovsky, Saratov, Russia; Inna.pavlovna.gr@gmail.ru, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8951-1244

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